By, Kathrin Rehor, Corporate Communications,  Mapal 

Compared to conventional metal designs, parts made of carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) are considerably lighter with the same load capacity. This offers great advantages – and not just in the aerospace industry. Low weight, high strength and low mass forces are also important in numerous other fields of application.

​CFRP is increasingly being used in racing cars, high-end bicycles or sports equipment, in machine engineering and for handling equipment or robots. As a development partner, MAPAL supports the development and implementation of turnkey processes with a high level of process expertise and an extensive range of tools.

​We are a specialised industrial service provider with a wide range of technical products as well as services and solutions. The area of composites covers a wide range of semi-finished products through to complex three-dimensional component geometries made of GRP and CFRP“, explains Wulf Wagner, Product Manager of the Composite Technology business unit at ERIKS Deutschland GmbH.

Particularly for products as these, customers expect support in the joint development of innovative solutions. Thanks to its exceptional engineering department, the company also designs, calculates and manufactures complete CFRP components for its customers as prototypes or in series.
CFRP moulded parts are created from „prepregs“.

​This semi-finished fibre product is already impregnated with a suitable resin that has not yet cured. In series production, the compression moulding process presses prepregs, which have been laid on top of each other, into mould halves with appropriately designed geometries.

​The hot tool cures the resin and a component with the contour of the desired part is produced. However, five-figure sums have to be invested in the metallic mould halves. This cost barrier is proving to be a drawback for many potential users who may only need one or a few parts

In order to offer customers a cost-effective alternative, especially in the start-up phase of a development, the standard insert material EPRATEX_CFS 100 was developed, as Wulf Wagner explains.

​The same prepregs are used for this. The uniformly 100 mm thick panels are available in dimensions up to 350 x 500 mm.

The random orientation of the fibres in the material means that the properties are largely isotropic. The validated manufacturing process ensures reliable compliance with the properties specified in the data sheet for the structural design.

Variations in dimensions, thickness and matrix system are possible on request. By machining on suitable machining centres, any desired number of pieces can be produced, from individual parts to small series.

“While there are numerous suppliers of CFRP laminate panels with low wall thickness on the market, 100 mm thick panels are special”, says Sven Frank, Global Head of OEM Management at MAPAL. However, since machining CFRP is not that simple, ERIKS was looking for a turnkey validated and optimised machining process.

Wulf Wagner came into contact with MAPAL. In addition to an extensive range of tools for machining CFRP workpiece materials, the precision tool manufacturer has a high level of expertise in process design and implementation.

“What’s more, our research and development centre, which is eminently equipped both technically and in terms of personnel, can do test machining”, explains Frank.

He emphasises: “MAPAL is happy to contribute all these resources to development projects that we conduct jointly with customers.”

In doing so, the company is ready to take on any challenge. The test component chosen by ERIKS is a bracket in standard geometry from the Euro Gripper Tooling (EGT) system, which is used in large quantities in the German automotive industry in an aluminium design.

​The RCG Omega bracket is 30 per cent lighter and enables significant advantages in the design of Euro Gripper Tooling (EGT) systems.

“The carbon in the carbon fibers of CFRP sometimes has diamond-like structures. Uncoated solid carbide tools cannot withstand this extremely abrasive material for long”, explains Dr Oliver Pecat, Team Leader for Aerospace Development at MAPAL.

“Within one metre of milling path in a full cut, the cutting edge radius of a freshly ground solid carbide milling cutter skyrockets from 2 µm to 15 or 20 µm, while the cutting forces triple.”

More cost-intensive tools with PCD (polycrystalline diamond) inserts hold up better but leave the tool designer with far fewer degrees of freedom in the geometry.

For CFRP machining, MAPAL thus prefers diamond-coated solid carbide tools. MAPAL has been producing the extremely hard and abrasion-resistant CVD coating used in this case in-house since the beginning of 2021.

​“In total, we’ve designed the machining of the ERIKS bracket with ten tools”, says Pecat. “In addition to the EcoFeed face milling cutter with PCD milling inserts, various versions of the OptiMill-Composite-Speed solid carbide milling cutter in a roughing-finishing design and the MEGA-Drill-Composite-UDX are used, all of which are proven and process-reliable tools in the machining of composite materials.”
​

The project allowed the R&D department to make full use of its extensive capabilities to design and validate an optimal machining process: the CAD geometry data was transferred with the aid of two of the four CAD/CAM programmes available in-house – Siemens NX and Solidcam.

The developers carried out all the machining processes in comprehensive application simulations. Machine properties and clamping situations were taken into account.

​The development of the process steps was iterative – idea, simulation, test and evaluation. “The successful completion of the development opens up a market with a lot of future potential for both ERIKS and MAPAL”, concludes Sven Frank.

“CFRP workpiece materials behave totally differently to metals during machining because the carbon fibres break brittly”, says Tizian Gühna, CAD/CAM programmer at MAPAL.

With metals, the heating of the workpiece is largely based on the energy absorption through plastic deformation of the chips before breaking off. The carbon fibres in the CFRP workpiece break completely brittly as soon as the stress in the material exceeds a critical point.

​Hardly any heat is generated in the process. Consequently, the cutting speed can easily be increased to high values as soon as the other parameters of the process are set. Of course, the rigidity of the machine and the clamping setup as well as the avoidance of vibrations have to be taken into account.

“In aircraft construction, there is a great demand for carbon-fibre parts that have been produced using validated processes”, says Dr Peter Müller-Hummel, Component Manager for Aerospace and Composites at MAPAL.

Particularly in the interior of passenger aircraft, there are countless parts with medium to low safety classifications such as seat fasteners, cable holders and pipes.

​These often have to be adapted during the development and testing of a new aircraft, which results in a large demand for parts in smaller quantities. Müller-Hummel also sees a high demand for small series parts in a host of other sectors such as the automotive industry, machine engineering or medical technology, where the EPRATEX_CFS 100 panel material is ideal.

“We’d been in contact with MAPAL for years and had successfully worked together to solve a wide range of tasks”, Wulf Wagner recalls. This means that there was a solid foundation of trust.

This time, too, things went quickly after the initial contact: within just two weeks MAPAL had decided not just to tackle the project, but also to give it high priority.

At the working level, communication with the various specialist departments and the employees there went very smoothly right from the start. The goal was achieved in the gratifyingly short time of only two and a half months.

​“That’s why we’ll certainly be knocking on their door again for future development projects”, Wulf Wagner sums up.

​Jack Rushlander, Jergens Technical Sales Manager discusses layout and planning techniques for 5-axis machining centers.

Jack talks about how advancements in 5 Axis CNC machining technology has changed dramatically in the past 20 years. Dynamic Work Offsets and other capabilities have made workholding easier but also given shops even more opportunities to to improve process and reduce cycle time.

Check out the video below and see how Galactic Widget Company tackles the workholding of a Thingamajig.

• 00:00 - 01:35 Introduction
• 01:35 - 03:50 The Pros of 5-Axis
• 03:50 - 06:20 The Cons of 5-Axis
• 06:30 - 09:36 Process Essentials
• 09:39 - 11:53 The Machine
• 11:55 - 15:40 Part Drawing & Raw Material
• 15:50 - 19:45 When to Use a Dovetail
• 19:46 - 21:35 Start to Finish Operation in Drawings
• 21:36 - 30:38 Work Envelope in Solidworks
• 31:24 - 33:58 Analyze With Your Machinists
• 35:30 - 37:08 Troubleshooting
• 37:18 - 37:56 Getting Other Eyes on Your Project
• 38:00 - 39:40 The Process of Sending Project to Your Programmer
• 39:45 - 49:36 Questions

In the aerospace industry, aluminium structural parts, such as wing parts and frame elements are generally milled from solid material. A buy-to-fly ratio of 22 (95 %) is not uncommon here.

New machine generations that have sufficient drive power and the necessary spindle speeds make the high-performance machining of aluminum parts cost effective. MAPAL has developed a new range of aluminium roughing mills especially for these machines.

The OptiMill-SPM (structural part machining) high performance mill is equipped with a cutting edge that makes up 60%-80% of its diameter. This represents the maximum contact depth for the high-performance milling of aluminum.

Thanks to a highly positive cutting edge geometry and optimised chip flutes, the cutting force of PCD mills is reduced by up to 15%. Even when milling on standard machines, this reduction in cutting force results in more efficient machining parameters, and hence in improved performance.

​The bottleneck form of the mill prevents the tool from bending during the machining process. Another advantage of this stable design 
is the clearance that is created between the wall of the part and the mill shank. This prevents chips from scratching the wall of the part, particularly if it has deep pockets.

OptiMill-SPM tools with internal cooling are available in a solid carbide design with a diameter range of 6 to 32 mm or in a PCD design with a diameter range of 6 to 50 mm as part of the standard range. The range of products also includes variants with the well-known CFS replaceable head system.

With an extensive and diversified range of tools for reaming, drilling and milling and many years of process experience, MAPAL places a huge focus on aluminium machining.

Two new products address additional customer requirements:

1. The PCD milling cutter FaceMill-Diamond-ES
2. The indexable insert milling cutter NeoMill-T-Finish

Both of these increase economic efficiency in aluminum milling applications.

The milling cutters have fewer cutting edges than the established FaceMill-Diamond tools, making them a more cost-effective and an “Economical Solution”. With a diameter of 50mm (1.96"), for instance, the FaceMill-Diamond-ES has five cutting edges, while the classic FaceMill-Diamond has twelve. Another difference is the area of application: The FaceMill-Diamond-ES is suitable for shoulder milling, trimming and machining thin-walled parts, as well as face milling.

The new milling cutter is available in the diameter range of 32mm(1.26") to 80mm (3.15"). Dimensions have not changed in comparison to existing FaceMill-Diamond models. Accordingly, it can be used directly in existing production, if, for example, the larger chip space of the new tools should be used. Cutting depths of up to 10 mm are easily possible.
All milling cutters in the FaceMill-Diamond-ES series can be reground and re-equipped. They are exclusively available as milling cutters for arbor mounting.

With the new system, customers can also use other cutting materials in addition to the PCD-tipped inserts, depending on application and workpiece material, such as uncoated carbide or carbide with CVD diamond or PVD coating. This means the optimum cutting material can be used for aluminium workpiece materials with different silicon content and casting processes (sand casting, pressure die casting and permanent mould casting).

The indexable inserts each have up to four usable cutting edges. An optimum version is available for every customer and every requirement, offering maximum economic efficiency and process reliability.
A patent-pending insert arrangement system is what makes the new milling cutter unique. The main inserts, which perform stock removal of up to 2.5mm (0.98"), are attached to the circumference. A wide finishing insert arranged axially is responsible for the ability to reach surface roughness levels of Rz = 1.5 µm.

The innovative system enables homogeneous wear and tear on the cutting edges: Thanks to the special arrangement of main inserts and wide finishing inserts, all main inserts have the same feed per tooth, smooth running for good surface quality and no burr formation.

The resulting longer tool life is reflected in a lower cost per part with a high level of process reliability.
​
Each tool is adapted specifically to the customer’s requirements. Maximum economic efficiency and productivity are the top priority. The tool body is usually made from steel. If weight restrictions are in place, MAPAL manufactures the tool body in aluminum or with a weight reduction bore.

The NeoMill-T-Finish can be configured in the diameter range from 50mm (1.97") to 315mm (12.4") and can be ordered as a monolithic unit or an adaptive unit for milling holders with arbor.

​Cutting speeds of up to 6,000m/min (236,220IPM) and feed rates of 2.5mm (0.98" IPR) per revolution are possible in use.  

Charlie Mitchell, machinist for Andretti Autosport, discusses how Unilock pallets reduced his setup time by as much as 80%.

Hoffman Estates, IL - The BIG KAISER EWA Automatic Fine Boring System from BIG DAISHOWA performs closed-loop boring operations without a human operator. This breakthrough eliminates the need to stop the spindle to manually adjust the boring tool, which results in considerable time savings. Also, eliminating human interaction reduces cost, improves accuracy, and minimizes scrap. The adjustment range of this fine boring head allows for the handling of multiple bore sizes with the same tool and ensures a repeatable boring process. 

The EWA fine boring head is available in two sizes, one with a boring range of Ø2.677"-5.276" (Ø68-134mm) and the other with a range of Ø.394"-2.126" (Ø10-54mm). EWA kits are also available for each of these head sizes. These can include inserts, insert holders, a controller, antenna and protective case. 

The EWA can be used on machines with BT/BBT30-40-50, CV/BCV(SK)40-50, BIG CAPTO 5-6-8 and HSK-A63-80-100-125 spindles. The Automatic Fine Boring System can be integrated in three primary configurations: fully integrated, PC control, or tablet control. 

​Fully Integrated
A fully integrated system has the EWA control software running directly on the machine tool control via an app or technology cycle, requiring no external control device. The fully integrated system can only be integrated on new machine tools. 

​PC Control 
For legacy machines, a PC interface between the machine tool and the EWA can provide a fully automated, closed-loop control cycle. Commands are sent from the machine tool to the EWA, automatically adjusting the tool in synchronization with the machining process. 

The PC acts as a synchronization interface between the machine tool and the EWA. It stops the machining cycle after the touch probe makes a measurement, reads the result and sends the corresponding adjustment value to the EWA. After the EWA has been adjusted, the PC notifies the machine tool to continue the process. 

​Tablet Control
​The EWA can also be operated as a standalone tool, controlled manually with the BIG KAISER app on a tablet or smartphone. This enables the option to measure bores using an in-machine probe or manually, and to make fast adjustments in the app. Adjustments also can be done semi-automatically, where the head will move to pre-entered diameter values after a stoppage. 
To see the EWA Automatic Fine Boring System and other innovations from BIG DAISHOWA, visit booth #431610 at IMTS. 

By John Zaya, Product Specialist, BIG DAISHOWA—Americas

As the title implies adjusting screws, also known as back-up screws, stop screws and preset screws, are not just a simple set screw. They are a screw with a purpose--three actually.

The first is to provide a fixed stop for a cutting tool to rest against during tool changes. This allows an operator to save time as they do not have to pull out a ruler, setting jig, etc. to reassemble the cutter into a holder.

A secondary purpose of the adjusting screw is to assist the tool holder in keeping the cutter from being pushed up into the holder if the cutting loads increase to the point where the tool may slip up into the holder.

​The third is to offer sealing for coolant-through tools. ​

When an old cutter is swapped out and a new one put in its place, the repeatability of this process will vary based on a few parameters such as cleanliness and the OEM cutting tool overall length tolerances.

Cleaning the clamping bore or collet of a holder provides better runout repeatability which should be old news to everyone, but if old coolant and contaminants are not removed, they would get jammed between the end face of the shank and the adjusting screw, affecting the length setting. 

Cutting tool overall length tolerances may also vary from one OEM to another. We have seen them range from ±.3mm to ±.5mm (±.012” to ±.019”). Others may be tighter or looser.

​Most modern machining centers come with tool length offset measurement systems which will provide the final precise gage length of a tool assembly. With the rough position provided by the adjusting screw, the machine operator can continue working and does not need to worry about tool clearances and stick outs. 

The clamping mechanism of the holder also affects the length repeatability. Both hydraulic chucks and milling chucks are radial clamping systems, whereas a tapered collet is drawn down into a taper by a threaded nut. This draw down causes the cutter to be drawn down as well.

​For this we have two types of adjusting screws: HMA/HDA solid type and NBA rubberized type. The solid type is a one-piece steel construction part, whereas the rubberized type has a rubber padded conical pocket that absorbs the axial travel of the cutter shank as the collet is clamped. 

Milling chucks also have a second type of adjustment screw option that can be built into the back end of a reduction sleeve. As cutting tool diameters get smaller, the length of the shank also gets shorter.

​As such, the end face of the shank may not reach the HMA adjusting screw when installed it the body of the holder. The AC Type Collet adjuster screws into the back end of the reduction sleeve where the shank the tool can easily be reached. 

It is always recommended to consult the tool holder catalog or technical documentation to ensure that a holder can support an adjusting screw. Some holders are very short or have very deep internal features that may not allow for the use of any adjusting screw. In those cases, a depth setting ring or collar on the shank of the cutting tool may be an acceptable alternative. 

Caution should be used on shrink-fit holders. Thermal expansion/contraction occurs in all three axes, so as the body of a shrink-fit holder cools down it will draw the cutter down jamming onto the adjusting screw. This could lead to damage to the screw, the holder or the cutter. 

John Zaya, Product Specialist, explains the concepts behind the UNILOCK Zero-Point workholding system.

He also discusses base pallets and options for 5-axis machines.
Chapters:
0:00 Introduction
0:13 Basic Concepts
0:52 Features of the UNILOCK Clamping Knob
1:50 UNILOCK 5-Axis Program